![]() Several universities, colleges and institutions were founded in this century, such as the University of Cagliari in 1620. A mathematician, scholar and academic, Piscopia was the first woman in the world to ever graduate with a doctorate ( PhD, or doctor of philosophy) in 1678. One example could be the admission of Elena Cornaro Piscopia into the University of Padua. There were several advancements made in 17th-century Italian education systems. This style reached the South slightly later, towards the 1650s, and, especially in Naples and Sicily, was known for its similarity to Spanish architecture, visible in buildings such as the Certosa of San Martino in Naples.Ī painting of Elena Cornaro Piscopia, the first female laureate and woman to receive a PhD in the world The architecture of Rome at the time was characterised by grandiose palaces, rich interiors, frescos and elegant cartouches. The Catholic Reformation's aim was to make Roman Catholicism look like an appealing denomination, and the popes did this by not only reforming the church's organization and society, yet also constructing ornate basilicas, fountains, piazzas (Italian squares), palaces and monuments. Buildings in Rome were constructed in a Baroque style ever since the early-17th century, and examples of this could be St Peter's Basilica and the Palazzo Bernini. In Rome and Southern Italy, this was slightly different. Venice started to construct more ornate Baroque buildings ever since in 1650s. Milan was similar to Turin in architectural patterns and trends, yet was less influenced by French designs, and more by the Spanish ones (considering Milan was ruled by Spain). Genoa still kept constructing painted houses, yet, the painted designs were more ornate and in touch with the popular Baroque designs. Before, buildings were still constructed in dark and austere brick Renaissance style, yet by the late 17th century, this style evolved into a more Baroque one, similar to that used in Paris and Versailles, characterised by gold/copper gilded roofs, Italian/French gardens, French windows and ornate decoration. This began in the city during the late-17th century (1680s onwards). Turin was well known for its French-style Baroque architecture. Main articles: Italian Baroque architecture and Italian Baroque interior designīuilding styles for Italian 17th-century architecture, most notably the Baroque, were very different all across the country. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was a prominent mid to late-17th century Baroque artist and sculptor, known for his statues, such as the "Ecstasy of Saint Theresa". Having one of the forefathers of Baroque art, and one of the earliest modern painters, his styles influenced other Italian and foreign artists following him, including Gian Lorenzo Bernini. His paintings were predominantly oil, and used warm, intense colours, and usually having dramatic themes. Lombard painter Caravaggio stands out as one of the most prominent from this era, known for his sacred ("Supper at Emmaus"), mythological ("Medusa"), still-life ("Basket of Fruit") genres and the common depiction of local people ("Boy carrying a Basket of Fruit). 17th-century Italian Baroque art was similar in style and subject matter to that during the same period in Spain - characterised by rich, dark colours, and often religious themes relating notably to martyrdom, and also the presence of several still lifes. Italian art during the 17th century was predominantly Baroque in essence. Events which happened during this period include the 1633 papal trial of scientist Galileo Galilei, the 1647 revolt in Naples, the 1669 Etna eruption, the 1674 rebellion in Messina and the 1693 Sicily earthquake. This was due to persistent conflicts, revolts (such as the Neapolitan 1647 tax-related Revolt of Masaniello), invasions and the rise in popularity of French, English and Spanish culture. ![]() Despite several artistic and scientific contributions, such as the invention of several musical instruments, stylistic genres, astronomical discoveries and the creation of the Baroque, Italy, which was the cultural leader of Europe in the 16th century, experienced a social decline, which slowly began in the beginning of the 17th century and fell towards the end of the century. This included the increase in number of Spanish colonies and possessions along the peninsula, and the increase in power of the pope and the Roman Catholic Church during the Counter Reformation, a counterpart of the Protestant Reformation. The 17th century was a tumultuous period in Italian history, with several political and social changes, and times of much civil and military unrest.
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